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Postnatal (Postpartum) Depression ("PND" or "PPD")

Becoming a parent is often exciting, but also can be overwhelming — especially if it’s your first time.


If you feel sad, lonely, or have severe mood swings and frequent crying spells, you may have what’s called postpartum depression (“PPD”).


What is postpartum depression?

Postpartum depression is a form of depression that affects up to 1-in-6 mothers after childbirth — often as a result of hormonal, physical, or social changes.

PPD manifests as extreme feelings of sadness, loneliness, mood swings, or obsessive thoughts of harming yourself or the baby.


How to differentiate PPD from baby blues

Up to nearly 80% of all new mothers develop baby blues after delivery. PPD affects up to 17%. Both come with similar symptoms such as:

  • Frequent bouts of crying for no apparent reason

  • Feeling of sadness, feeling overwhelmed

  • Loss of appetite

  • Trouble sleeping

  • Mood swings


The symptoms of PPD are more severe, with feelings of alternating highs and lows, frequent crying, irritability, and fatigue, as well as feelings of guilt, anxiety, and inability to care for your baby or yourself.


Both conditions usually begin in the first week after delivery, but while baby blues usually subsides within two weeks without treatment, PPD can last for months and may not resolve until it is treated by a professional. PPD can also occur up to 12 months after giving birth.


Why does postpartum depression happen?

At the basic level, depression results from an imbalance in the chemicals that regulate the body’s mechanisms, and pregnancy and childbirth can cause a sudden imbalance in body hormones.


The levels of oestrogen and progesterone, the female reproductive hormones, increase tenfold during pregnancy. Then, they drop sharply after delivery. By 3 days after a woman gives birth, the levels of these hormones drop back to what they were before pregnancy.

PPD often starts shortly after giving birth, in these instances it’s likely triggered by these sudden hormonal changes. But there are also other factors at play.


PPD risk factors

Researchers don’t know exactly how PPD arises, but these factors are known to increase your risk:

  • A personal or family history of depression, postpartum depression, or premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)

  • Pregnancy complications like health conditions, difficult delivery, or premature birth

  • Being younger than 20 or a single parent

  • Having a baby with special needs or a baby who cries a lot

  • Marital or relationship conflict

  • Limited social support

  • Ambivalence about the pregnancy


How to know if you have PPD

You are likely to have PPD if you develop some of these symptoms after your childbirth and they have lasted for more than two weeks:

  • Feeling sad most of the day

  • Crying a lot

  • Eating too much or too little

  • Sleeping too much or too little

  • Withdrawing from family and friends

  • Feeling disconnected from your baby

  • Difficulty completing everyday tasks, including caring for your baby

  • Feelings of guilt

  • Fear of being a bad mother

  • Excessive fear of hurting yourself or your baby


Seek help immediately if you feel any of these symptoms. PPD doesn’t only affect you but also affects your child’s physical, cognitive, and emotional development. Talk to someone you can trust or seek professional help. PPD can be treated with medication and counseling, even during breastfeeding.



Thank you note

This article about maternal mental health was made in collaboration and with the support of the Mali Family Health Co., Ltd


Medical check

Ketsupa Jirakarn (Mental health specialist)


Sources

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